四倒

The four (sa) viparyaya i. e. inverted or false beliefs in regard to [lang id =1028]常, [lang id =1028]樂, [lang id =1028]我, [lang id =1028]淨. There are two groups:

(1) the common belief in the four above, denied by the early Buddhist doctrine that all is impermanent, suffering, impersonal, and impure;

(2) the false belief of the Hīnayāna school that nirvana is not a state of permanence, joy, personality, and purity. Hīnayāna refutes the common view in regard to the phenomenal life; bodhisattvism refutes both views.

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見四顛倒條。